AP BIOLOGY SUMMER ASSIGNMENT

DUE: 1^ST DAY OF SCHOOL

You will cover Chapter’s 1-6 during the summer. When you come back to school, you will have a Test on these six chapters on the second week after you return.

The Test will be 40 Multiple Choice and 1 Essay. You will have 1 hour 30 minutes.

Answer the following Questions per Chapter……. And then define the key terms.

CHAPTER 1: Introduction, Themes in the Study of Life.

1. Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biology.
2. Explain how the properties of life emerge from complex organization.
3. Describe seven emergent properties associated with life.
4. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
5. Explain, in your own words, what is meant by “form fits function”
6. List and distinguish among the five kingdoms of life.
7. Briefly describe how Charles Darwin’s ideas contributed to the conceptual framework of biology.
8. Outline the scientific method.
9. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning.
10. Explain how science and technology are interdependent.

Key Terms: Population, Community, ecosystem, biome, hypothesis, control group, variable, experimental group.

CHAPTER 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Chemical Bonds

11. Define element and compound.
12. State four elements essential to life that make up 96% of living matter.
13. Describe the structure of an atom.
14. Define and distinguish among atomic number, mass number, atomic weight and valence.
15. Explain why radioisotopes are important to biologists.
16. Explain the octet rule.
17. Explain why the noble gases are so unreactive.
18. Distinguish among nonpolar covalent, polar covalent and ionic bonds.
19. Describe the formation of a hydrogen bond and explain how it differs from a covalent or ionic bond.
20. Explain why weak bonds are important to living organisms.
21. Describe the chemical conditions on early Earth and explain how they are different from today.

Key Terms: atom, proton, neutron, electron, hydrogen bond, molecule, ion, cation, anion, isotope, half life.

CHAPTER 3: Water and the Fitness of the Environment

22. Describe how water contributes to the fitness of the environment to support life.
23. Describe the structure and geometry of a water molecule, and explain what properties emerge as a result of this structure.
24. List five characteristics of water that are emergent properties resulting from hydrogen bonding.
25. Describe the biological significance of the cohesiveness of water.
26. Explain how water’s high specific heat, high heat of vaporization and expansion upon freezing affect both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
27. Explain how the polarity of water makes it a versatile solvent.
28. Explain the basis for the pH scale.
29. Explain how acids and bases directly or indirectly affect the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
30. Using the bicarbonate buffer system as an example, explain how buffers work.

Key Terms: cohesion, surface tension, adhesion, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, heat, temperature, evaporative cooling, solution, solvent, solute.

CHAPTER 4: Carbon and Molecular Diversity

31. Summarize the philosophies of vitalism and mechanism, and explain how they influenced the development of organic chemistry, as well as mainstream biological thought.
32. Explain how carbon’s electron configuration determines the kinds and number of bonds carbon will form.
33. Describe how carbon skeletons may vary, and explain how this variation contributes to the diversity and complexity of organic molecules.
34. Distinguish between structural, geometric and stereoisomers.
35. List the major functional groups and what each one stands for.
36. Explain how carbon’s electron configuration determines the kinds and number of bonds carbon will form.

Key Terms: organic chemistry, organic molecules, hydrocarbons, isomer, asymmetric carbon.

CHAPTER 5: The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

37. List the levels of biological hierarchy from subatomic particles to macromolecules.
38. List the 4 main types of macromolecules.
39. Describe the characteristics of carbohydrates and list the three main types.
40. List four characteristics of a sugar.
41. Define a glycosidic linkage and give an example.
42. Describe the importance of polysaccharides.
43. Explain the difference between starch and cellulose.
44. Explain what distinguishes lipids from the other major classes of macromolecules.
45. List the unique properties of the 3 major groups of lipids: fats, phospholipids and steroids.
46. Identify and ester linkage and how it is formed.
47. Distinguish between a saturated and an unsaturated fat.
48. Describe the characteristics of proteins.
49. Explain what amino acids are and how they make up proteins.
50. Explain what a peptide bond is and how it is formed.
51. List the 4 major types of protein conformations and give an example of each.
52. Explain how proteins may be denatured.
53. Define the characteristics of nucleic acids.
54. List the major components of a nucleotide.
55. Distinguish between a pyrimidine and a purine.
56. Distinguish between nucleotide, nucleoside and nucleic acid.
57. Describe the 3-D structure of DNA. List the amino acids it has and their bonding.

Key Terms: polymer, monomer, condensation synthesis, hydrolysis, domain, phosphodiester bond, RNA, pentose.

CHAPTER 6: An Introduction to Metabolism

58. Explain the role of catabolic and metabolic pathways in the energy exchanges of cellular metabolism.
59. Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy.
60. Distinguish between open and closed systems.
61. Explain the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics.
62. Explain why highly ordered organisms do not violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
63. Distinguish between entropy and enthalpy.
64. Explain how changes in enthalpy, entropy and temperature influence the maximum amount of useable energy that can be harvested from a reaction.
65. Describe the function of ATP in a cell.
66. List the three compounds of ATP and identify the major class of macromolecules to which it belongs.
67. Explain how ATP performs cellular work.
68. Describe the energy profile of a chemical reaction including activation energy (∆G+), free energy change (∆G), and transition state.
69. Describe the function of enzymes in biological systems.
70. Explain the relationship between enzyme structure and enzyme specificity.
71. Explain the induced fit model of enzyme function and describe the catalytic cycle of an enzyme.
72. Describe several mechanisms by which enzymes lower activation energy.
73. Explain how substrate concentration affects the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction.
74. Explain how enzyme activity can be regulated or controlled by environmental conditions, cofactors, enzyme inhibitors and allosteric regulators.
75. Distinguish between allosteric activation and cooperativity.
76. Explain how metabolic pathways are regulated.

Key Terms: metabolism, heat of reaction (∆H), exothermic, endothermic, exergonic, endergonic, equilibrium, substrate, active site, saturation, competitive inhibitors, noncompetitive inhibitors, cooperativity, feedback inhibition.